What Is Barrett Esophagus?

You have Barrett esophagus. This means that there have been changes to the lining of the esophagus near the stomach. The changes may have been caused by the acid reflux that happens with GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). The changed lining isn't cancer. But it may increase your chances of developing cancer later on. 

Outline of woman showing mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Arrows show stomach acid flowing up esophagus to irritate back of throat.

When you have GERD

The esophagus is the tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. Your lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a 1-way valve at the top of the stomach. It keeps food and stomach acid from flowing backward. If the LES is weakened, food and stomach acid flow back (reflux) into your esophagus. If this happens often, the condition is called GERD.

Changes in the lining

The stomach is kept safe from its own acid by a special lining. The esophagus isn’t meant to contact stomach acid. But a small amount of acid reflux is normal and occurs in many people. With GERD, acid flows back into the esophagus often. This damages the esophagus. In response to the damage, new tissue forms that isn't normal. This is Barrett esophagus. The new tissue may keep changing. This is why it's more likely to become cancer in the future.

Preventing further damage

Your healthcare provider may suggest regular tests to keep track of changes in the esophagus. This often includes an endoscopy, when a flexible lighted scope is placed through the mouth into the esophagus. Tissue samples (biopsies) can be taken of the abnormal areas. You're sedated with an IV (intravenous) medicine for comfort.

Your provider may also suggest ways for you to control GERD. This includes lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and staying at a healthy weight. Medicine or even surgery may also be suggested. This should help keep your Barrett esophagus from getting worse. If it does get worse, more treatment is often done during an endoscopy.

Symptoms of GERD

Symptoms include:

  • Heartburn

  • Sour-tasting fluid backing up into your mouth

  • Frequent burping or belching

  • Symptoms that get worse after you eat, bend over, or lie down

  • Coughing repeatedly to clear your throat

  • Hoarseness

  • Trouble swallowing